Another common skin condition is eczema, or atopic dermatitis, which is characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed skin. Eczema is often linked to genetic and environmental factors, as well as immune system dysfunction. Treatment typically involves the use of emollients to maintain skin hydration, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and immunomodulators in more resistant cases. Psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune disorder, results in the rapid turnover of skin cells, leading to the formation of red, scaly plaques that can be painful and debilitating. Psoriasis is associated with systemic inflammation and an increased risk of comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease and psoriatic arthritis.
Treatments range from topical corticosteroids and vitamin D analogs to phototherapy and systemic agents such as biologic drugs that target specific immune pathways. Skin cancer, one of the most serious conditions treated by dermatologists, includes basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common and least aggressive form, often appearing as a pearly or 皮肤科 nodule on sun-exposed areas. Squamous cell carcinoma, which has a higher potential for metastasis, typically presents as a scaly, red plaque or ulcer. Melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, arises from melanocytes and can spread rapidly if not detected early.
The ABCDE rule—Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter greater than six millimeters, and Evolution—is commonly used to identify suspicious moles. Treatment options for skin cancer include surgical excision, Mohs micrographic surgery for high-risk lesions, radiation therapy, and targeted or immunotherapy for advanced cases. Fungal infections, caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds, are another significant category of dermatological disorders. Tinea infections, such as athlete’s foot, ringworm, and jock itch, are common and typically treated with antifungal creams or oral medications.
Candidiasis, caused by Candida species, often affects moist areas of the body and requires antifungal therapy along with moisture control. Viral skin infections, including herpes simplex, warts, and molluscum contagiosum, are also frequently encountered in dermatology. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes painful blisters on the lips or genital area and is managed with antiviral medications such as acyclovir or valacyclovir. Warts, caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), can be treated with cryotherapy, salicylic acid, or laser therapy, while molluscum contagiosum, a self-limiting viral infection, may resolve spontaneously or require minor dermatological procedures.